Journal: Discover Mental Health

Article Title: Effects of pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase on corticosterone release: a systematic review of preclinical studies

doi: 10.1007/s44192-025-00155-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of pharmacological characteristics

Article Snippet: McLaughlin et al. [ ] , URB597 , 1, 1/day , 0.3 mg/kg , i.p , Sprague Dawley Rats , N.S , Infantile , 12–13 , 90 min post injection , Light , Plasma , RIA , ↔.

Techniques:

Journal: Discover Mental Health

Article Title: Effects of pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase on corticosterone release: a systematic review of preclinical studies

doi: 10.1007/s44192-025-00155-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies of FAAH inhibition on corticosterone levels in unstressed rodents

Article Snippet: McLaughlin et al. [ ] , URB597 , 1, 1/day , 0.3 mg/kg , i.p , Sprague Dawley Rats , N.S , Infantile , 12–13 , 90 min post injection , Light , Plasma , RIA , ↔.

Techniques: Inhibition, Extraction, Injection, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Discover Mental Health

Article Title: Effects of pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase on corticosterone release: a systematic review of preclinical studies

doi: 10.1007/s44192-025-00155-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies of FAAH inhibition on stress-induced corticosterone levels

Article Snippet: McLaughlin et al. [ ] , URB597 , 1, 1/day , 0.3 mg/kg , i.p , Sprague Dawley Rats , N.S , Infantile , 12–13 , 90 min post injection , Light , Plasma , RIA , ↔.

Techniques: Inhibition, Extraction, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Injection, Isolation

Journal: Cells

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Sex-Specific Neuroinflammatory Alterations Induced by Early Life Stress

doi: 10.3390/cells13221881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronic treatment with URB597 during late adolescence ameliorates the depressive-like phenotype induced by early life stress (ELS) in adult males and females. ( a ) Male and female rats were subjected to ELS from postnatal day (P)7 to P14. During late adolescence (P45-60), they received either a vehicle or URB597 injection. Behavioral assessment commenced on P90, and the rats were euthanized on P114 for molecular analysis (n = 7–11 for all groups). ( b ) In the open-field test (OFT), ELS resulted in reduced distance traveled by males, while URB treatment significantly increased this distance compared to vehicle-treated controls ( left ). In females ( right ), URB treatment led to a decrease in distance traveled in NoELS females compared to vehicle-treated females. ( c ) In the Social Preference (SP) test, ELS increased SP in males compared to NoELS males ( left ). In ELS females ( right ), treatment with URB enhanced SP compared to treatment with vehicle. ( d ) In the Social Recognition (SR) test, treatment with URB led to increased SR in ELS males compared to treatment with vehicle ( left ). No significant differences were found in females ( right ). ( e ) In the Forced Swim Test (FST), ELS decreased the swimming ratio in both sexes compared to NoELS groups. URB treatment increased the swimming ratio in ELS rats compared to treatment with vehicle. ( f ) In the FST, ELS increased the immobility ratio in males ( left ) compared to NoELS groups. URB treatment in ELS males decreased the immobility ratio compared to treatment with vehicle. In females ( right ), treatment with URB led to increased immobility ratio in NoELS rats compared to treatment with vehicle, whereas treatment with URB decreased the immobility ratio compared to vehicle treatment. mRNA: messenger RNA. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 indicate statistically significant effects followed by post hoc comparisons; #, p < 0.05; ##, p < 0.01; ###, p < 0.001 indicate statistical significance in main effects.

Article Snippet: URB597 [0.4 mg/kg; i.p.; Cayman chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; [ ]] was prepared by dissolving it in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), saline (0.9% NaCl), and Tween 80, ensuring the final DMSO concentration was below 2%.

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Cells

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Sex-Specific Neuroinflammatory Alterations Induced by Early Life Stress

doi: 10.3390/cells13221881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronic URB597 treatment during late adolescence ameliorates ELS-induced alterations in the expression of inflammatory genes in the mPFC. ( a ) In males ( left ), URB treatment normalized ELS-induced downregulation of nfκb1 and reduced nfκb1 expression in the NoELS group. In females ( right ), ELS downregulated nfκb1 expression. ( b ) In males ( left ), no significant differences were found in il1β expression. In females ( right ), URB treatment normalized ELS-induced il1β upregulation. Additionally, in the NoELS group, URB increased il1β expression compared to both the NoELS-Vehicle and ELS-URB groups. ( c ) In males ( left ), no significant differences were found in il6 expression. In females ( right ), URB treatment normalized the ELS-induced il6 downregulation. ( d ) In males ( left ), no significant differences were found in the expression of tnfα in males. In females ( right ), ELS reduced tnfα expression. ELS: early life stress; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; URB: URB597. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001 indicate statistically significant effects followed by post hoc comparisons; #, p < 0.05 indicate statistical significance in main effects.

Article Snippet: URB597 [0.4 mg/kg; i.p.; Cayman chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; [ ]] was prepared by dissolving it in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), saline (0.9% NaCl), and Tween 80, ensuring the final DMSO concentration was below 2%.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Cells

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Sex-Specific Neuroinflammatory Alterations Induced by Early Life Stress

doi: 10.3390/cells13221881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronic URB597 treatment during late adolescence ameliorates ELS-induced changes in stress-related gene expression in the mPFC. ( a ) No significant differences were found in nr3c1 expression in either males ( left ) or females ( right ). ( b ) In males ( left ), no significant differences were found in crf expression. In females ( right ), URB treatment normalized the ELS-induced crf upregulation. ELS: early life stress; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; URB: URB597. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 indicate statistically significant effects followed by post hoc comparisons; #, p < 0.05 indicate statistical significance in main effects.

Article Snippet: URB597 [0.4 mg/kg; i.p.; Cayman chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; [ ]] was prepared by dissolving it in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), saline (0.9% NaCl), and Tween 80, ensuring the final DMSO concentration was below 2%.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing

Journal: Cells

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Reverses Depressive-like Behavior and Sex-Specific Neuroinflammatory Alterations Induced by Early Life Stress

doi: 10.3390/cells13221881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chronic late adolescence URB597 treatment ameliorates ELS-induced changes in inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampal CA1. ( a ) In ELS males ( left ), URB treatment downregulated nfκb1 expression. In females ( right ), no significant differences were found in nfκb1 expression. ( b ) In males ( left ), ELS downregulated il1β expression. In females ( right ), URB treatment normalized ELS-induced il1β upregulation. ( c ) In males ( left ), no significant differences were found in il6 expression. In females ( right ), URB treatment upregulated il6 expression compared to the vehicle groups. ( d ) In males ( left ), ELS downregulated tnfα expression. In females ( right ), no significant differences were found in tnfα expression. ELS: early life stress; URB: URB597. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 indicate statistically significant effects followed by post hoc comparisons; #, p < 0.05 indicate statistical significance in main effects.

Article Snippet: URB597 [0.4 mg/kg; i.p.; Cayman chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; [ ]] was prepared by dissolving it in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), saline (0.9% NaCl), and Tween 80, ensuring the final DMSO concentration was below 2%.

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Counteracts Neuroinflammation via Autophagy Recovery in AD Models

doi: 10.3390/ijms252212044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemical analysis (Ematoxillin and DAB chromogen) in sagittal sections of PFC and hippocampus. ( A ) shows decreased iNOS marking in Tg2576 mice treated with URB597; ( B ) shows increased ARG-1 marking in Tg2576 mice treated with URB597; these results were confirmed by quantification shown in graphs. Analysis was performed by considering 4 10× magnification fields for both hippocampus and cortex, and values were expressed as mean ± SD of total positive cells expressed in both brain regions from 6 independent experiments for each experimental group using unpaired Student t test. Significance levels were denoted as follows: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: AD-like Tg2576 and WT male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (Selleck Chemicals, S2631, Houston, TX, USA) either at 10 mg/kg/day (URB 10) or 0 mg/kg/day (URB 0) in a single dose for a total of 8 consecutive administrations (8 days).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Counteracts Neuroinflammation via Autophagy Recovery in AD Models

doi: 10.3390/ijms252212044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Congo Red analysis in sagittal sections including either vehicle or URB597-treated Tg2576 mice. Images show amyloid plaques. Analysis was performed by considering 4 magnification fields; area was expressed in μm 2 and values were expressed as mean ± SD of total positive cells expressed in both brain regions from 6 independent experiments for each experimental group, using unpaired Student t test. Significance levels were marked as follows: *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. Magnification 10× and 40×.

Article Snippet: AD-like Tg2576 and WT male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (Selleck Chemicals, S2631, Houston, TX, USA) either at 10 mg/kg/day (URB 10) or 0 mg/kg/day (URB 0) in a single dose for a total of 8 consecutive administrations (8 days).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Counteracts Neuroinflammation via Autophagy Recovery in AD Models

doi: 10.3390/ijms252212044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of mRNA expression of factors involved in the autophagic process. ( A ) mRNA expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR at 6 h and 24 h of Atg7 , BECN1, Lc3 , and SQSTM1/p62 . Data are shown as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Expression profiles were determined using the 2 −ΔΔCT method. Significance levels were denoted as follows: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. ( B ) Immunohistochemical analysis (Ematoxillin and DAB chromogen) in sagittal sections of vehicle-treated WT and Tg2576 experimental groups and WT and Tg2576 treated with URB597. The images show ATG7- and BECN1-positive cells in PFC and hippocampus. Analysis was performed by considering 4 10× magnification fields for both hippocampus and PFC, and the values were expressed as the mean ± SD of the total positive cells expressed in both of the brain regions from 6 independent experiments for each experimental group using an unpaired Student t test. Significance levels are indicated as follows: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. ( C ) Immunohistochemical analysis (Ematoxillin and DAB chromogen) in sagittal sections of vehicle-treated WT and Tg2576 groups and WT and Tg2576 administered with URB597. The images show the LC3I-II- and SQSTM1/p62-positive cells in the PFC and hippocampus. Analysis was performed by considering four 10× magnification fields from the hippocampus and PFC, and the values were expressed as the mean ± SD of the total positive cells expressed in both of the brain regions from 6 independent experiments for each experimental group, using an unpaired Student t test. Significance levels are indicated as follows: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: AD-like Tg2576 and WT male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (Selleck Chemicals, S2631, Houston, TX, USA) either at 10 mg/kg/day (URB 10) or 0 mg/kg/day (URB 0) in a single dose for a total of 8 consecutive administrations (8 days).

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Counteracts Neuroinflammation via Autophagy Recovery in AD Models

doi: 10.3390/ijms252212044

Figure Lengend Snippet: LC3-II ELISA assay on homogenates of PFC and hippocampus from untreated and vehicle/URB597-treated Tg2576 and WT mice. Data are shown as mean ± SD from three independent experiments performed in duplicate using unpaired Student t test. Significance levels were denoted as follows: ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: AD-like Tg2576 and WT male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (Selleck Chemicals, S2631, Houston, TX, USA) either at 10 mg/kg/day (URB 10) or 0 mg/kg/day (URB 0) in a single dose for a total of 8 consecutive administrations (8 days).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: FAAH Inhibition Counteracts Neuroinflammation via Autophagy Recovery in AD Models

doi: 10.3390/ijms252212044

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemical analysis (Ematoxillin and DAB chromogen) in sagittal sections of vehicle-treated WT and Tg2576 experimental groups and WT and Tg2576 treated with URB597. ( A ) The images show mTOR positive cells in the PFC and the hippocampus. Analysis was performed by considering 4 10× magnification fields for both hippocampus and PFC, and the values were expressed as the mean ± SD of the total positive cells expressed in both the brain regions from 6 independent experiments for each experimental group using an unpaired Student t test. Significance levels were denoted as follows: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. ( B ) The images show ULK1-positive cells in the PFC and the hippocampus. Analysis was performed by considering 4 10× magnification fields for both the hippocampus and the PFC, and the values were expressed as mean ± SD of the total positive cells expressed in both of the brain regions from 6 independent experiments for each experimental group using an unpaired Student t test. Significance levels were denoted as follows: * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: AD-like Tg2576 and WT male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (Selleck Chemicals, S2631, Houston, TX, USA) either at 10 mg/kg/day (URB 10) or 0 mg/kg/day (URB 0) in a single dose for a total of 8 consecutive administrations (8 days).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining