Journal: BMC Microbiology

Article Title: Aspergillus flavus glutathione transferase as a potential approach for synthesis of epothilone-glutathione conjugates with enhanced anticancer activity for the drug-resistant cells: characterization and molecular docking analysis

doi: 10.1186/s12866-026-05037-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: The antiproliferative activity of the epothilone and glutathione-Epothilone conjugates at 1:2 and 1: 4 M:M, towards the HepG-2 cells and control THLE-2 cells, normalized to Staurosporine as reference drug

Article Snippet: The activity of constructed Glutathione-Epothilone B conjugate against the liver carcinoma (HepG-2) (ATCC HB-8065), and normal epithelial cells (THLE-2) (ATCC CRL-2706) was determined by the MTT reagent [ ].

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Intralipid on the metabolic activity of THLE-2 cells after 24 h of incubation. Cells were treated with a range of concentrations of LPS ( A ) or Intralipid ( B ), and metabolic activity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results are expressed as a percentage relative to untreated control cells (set as 100%). Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation, MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of LPS (0.1 µg/mL), Intralipid (INT, 10 mg/mL), or their combination (IFALD model) on signaling pathways in THLE-2 cells after 24 h of exposure. Total and phosphorylated levels of p38, extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and protein kinase B (Akt) were quantified based on fluorescence intensity using the MAGPIX system. Data are expressed as fold change relative to untreated controls (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using Dunnett’s test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 vs. control. The horizontal dotted line indicates the control levels.

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of LPS (0.1 µg/mL), Intralipid (INT, 10 mg/mL), or their combination (IFALD model) on signaling pathways in THLE-2 cells after 24 h of exposure. Total and phosphorylated levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and 5 (STAT3 and STAT5), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) were quantified based on fluorescence intensity using the MAGPIX system. Data are expressed as fold change relative to untreated controls (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using Dunnett’s test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 vs. control. The horizontal dotted line indicates the control levels.

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Binding Assay, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of lutein on THLE-2 cell metabolic activity after 24 h of exposure. Cell metabolic activity was assessed using the MTT assay across a range of lutein concentrations (1–100 µM) and expressed as a percentage relative to untreated control cells. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of lutein on cellular signaling components in the in vitro IFALD model. THLE-2 cells were treated with LPS (0.1 µg/mL) and Intralipid (10 mg/mL) to mimic IFALD-like conditions and co-treated with lutein (LUT) at concentrations of 10 or 25 µM for 24 h. Total and phosphorylated levels of p38, ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB, Akt, and STAT5 were quantified based on mean fluorescence intensity using the MAGPIX System. Data are expressed as fold change relative to untreated control cells (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using Dunnett’s test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 vs. control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. IFALD.

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of lutein on cellular signaling components in the in vitro IFALD model. THLE-2 cells were treated with LPS (0.1 µg/mL) and Intralipid (10 mg/mL) to mimic IFALD-like conditions and co-treated with lutein (LUT) at concentrations of 10 or 25 µM for 24 h. ( A ) Total and phosphorylated levels of STAT3, CREB, and p70S6K, quantified based on mean fluorescence intensity using the MAGPIX System. ( B ) mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 ( SREBF2 ), ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 ( ABCA1 ), AMP-activated protein kinase α2 ( PRKAA2 ), cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase ( CYP7A1 ), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase ( HMGCR ), determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Data are expressed as fold change relative to untreated control cells (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using Dunnett’s test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001 vs. control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and #### p < 0.0001 vs. IFALD.

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Fluorescence, Expressing, Binding Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed mechanism of action of lutein in THLE-2 hepatocytes exposed to IFALD-related triggers—LPS and omega-6-rich Intralipid. AA, arachidonic acid; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; IL-6, interleukin-6; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FAs, fatty acids.

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

doi: 10.3390/molecules31091413

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of free lutein, AlbLuteN, and blank albumin nanosuspension on the metabolic activity of THLE-2 human hepatocytes after 48 h of exposure, assessed by the MTT assay. Free lutein and AlbLuteN were tested at equivalent lutein concentrations (1–100 µM), while the blank nanosuspension was applied at carrier concentrations matching those in AlbLuteN. Cell metabolic activity is expressed as a percentage of the untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Human immortalized hepatocytes THLE-2 (ATCC CRL-2706) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, MTT Assay, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Simultaneous Inhibition of ACLY and OGDH Has a Synergistic Effect on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.19.716936

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability assays were conducted using the WST-1 method to evaluate the effects of valproic acid (VPA) and bempedoic acid (BA), alone or in combination, on the viability of THLE-2, Hep3B, and Huh7 cells. (A) The outlines of the WST-1 assay protocol were followed in the study. The effects of (B) valproic acid (0,1, and 2mM), (C) bempedoic acid (0,10, and 25μM), and (D) their combinations on THLE-2 cells, respectively. Similarly, (E–G) show the effects on Hep3B cells and (H–J) present corresponding data for Huh7 cells. Cell viability was measured at 72 and 96 hours post-treatment, as shown at the top of each plot. Red-highlighted values indicate fold change inhibitory effects compared to the control, where values less than one indicate inhibition and values greater than one represent stimulation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns-non-significant. Analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Data are shown as mean ± SD.

Article Snippet: The immortalized human liver epithelial cell line THLE-2 and human HCC cell lines Hep3B were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: WST-1 Assay, Control, Inhibition

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Inhibition of p107 alleviates liver steatosis by reducing de novo fatty acid synthesis

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.14.718271

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) p107 protein levels in THLE2 cells transfected with siRNA p107 or siRNA control for 48 hours (n=3 per group). (B) Representative microphotographs of Oil Red O staining (left pannel) of THLE2 cells downregulating p107 (sip107) for 48 hours (n = 3 per group) and Oil Red O semiquantification (right pannel) (n = 3 per group). (C) Quantification of immunoblot analysis of de novo lipogenesis markers (n = 3 per group) and a representative immunoblot. (D) RNA expression of de novo lipogenesis markers (n = 3 per group. (E) De novo synthesis of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) in THLE2 (n = 6 per group). (F) FAO activity in THLE2 cells transfected with siRNA p107 or siRNA control for 48 hours (n=5 per group). (G) Oxidation rate of palmitic acid (n = 6 per group). (H and I)) OCR and (I) ECAR of p107-silenced THLE2 (n = 17-19 per group). (J) Basal energetic metabolic states, based on quantification of ECAR and OCR during basal metabolism. (K) p107 protein levels in THLE2 after overexpressing p107 (n = 3 per group). (L) Representative microphotographs (left pannel) and semiquantification (right pannel) of Oil Red O staining of THLE2 cells overexpressing p107 (plasmid p107) for 24 hours. Oil Red O staining was quantified using ImageJ and normalized to the total number of nuclei per field (n = 4 per group). (M) Quantification of immunoblot analysis of de novo lipogenesis markers (n = 3 per group) and a representative immunoblot. (N) OCR of p107-overexpressed THLE2 (n =10 per group). GAPDH was used to normalize protein levels. Data are expressed as mean ±SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p <0.001, using a Student’s t test .

Article Snippet: THLE2 human hepatic cell line (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) was cultured in bronchial epithelial cell basal medium (BEBM) supplemented with a growth factors BulleKit (Lonza/Clonetics Corporation), 70ng/mL phosphoethanolamine, 5 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 10% (v/v) FBS and 1% (v/v) Glutamine-Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (MERCK).

Techniques: Transfection, Control, Staining, Western Blot, RNA Expression, Activity Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Inhibition of p107 alleviates liver steatosis by reducing de novo fatty acid synthesis

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.14.718271

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Volcano plot of total protein expression in p107 liver KO mice compared to shLucif controls (n = 7). Red and blue points indicate significantly up- and downregulated proteins (p < 0.05). (B) Volcano plot of phosphosite abundance in p107 liver KO mice compared to shLucif controls (n = 7). Points represent individual phosphosites—annotated by their parent protein name—with red and blue indicating significant changes (p < 0.05). (C) Heatmap of total protein expression differences grouped by GO Biological Process terms, filtered by significance (p < 0.001). (D) Heatmap of robust total protein expression differences grouped by GO terms, utilizing strict filtering (> 3 combined razor and unique peptides, p < 0.001, absolute t-test difference > 0.58). (E) Quantification of p107 (left panel) and FAS (right panel) in THLE2 after overexpressing p107 (plasmid p107) and silencing FAS (siRNA FAS) during 24h (n = 3 per group) and representative immunoblot. (F) Representative microphotographs of Oil Red O staining of THLE2 cells overexpressing p107 (plasmid p107) and silencing FAS (siRNA FAS) for 24 hours. (G) Semiquantification of Oil Red O staining. Vinculin was used to normalize protein levels. Data are expressed as mean ±SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p <0.001, using a Student’s t test .

Article Snippet: THLE2 human hepatic cell line (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) was cultured in bronchial epithelial cell basal medium (BEBM) supplemented with a growth factors BulleKit (Lonza/Clonetics Corporation), 70ng/mL phosphoethanolamine, 5 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 10% (v/v) FBS and 1% (v/v) Glutamine-Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (MERCK).

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Staining