Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Synergistic targeting of senolytic and senomorphic action with dual-engineered biomimetic macrophage nanovesicles for mitigating osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.11.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synthesis and characterization of BS@MD. (A) Representative TEM images of BS, BS@M, and BS@MD. Scale bar = 100 nm. (B) Hydrodynamic diameter and PDI, (C) Zeta potential of BS, BS@M, and BS@MD (n = 3). (D) Colloid stability of BS@MD in PBS and DMEM supplemented with 10 % FBS at 37 °C over 7 days (n = 3). (E) Fluorescence microscope images showing co-localization of the BS core (FITC, green) and macrophage membranes (Dil, red), with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.75 ± 0.03, confirming successful core–shell assembly. Scale bar = 4 μm (left), 2 μm (middle), 500 nm (right). (F) SDS-PAGE analysis comparing protein profiles of RAW 264.7 lysate, membrane vesicles (MMs), and BS@M (equal protein loading). (G) Fluorescence microscope images of BS@M and BS@MD following staining with APC-labeled secondary antibody (APC-IgG), verifying successful conjugation of anti-DPP4 antibodies via DBCO–azide click chemistry. Scale bar = 50 μm. (H) In vitro release profiles of BTZ and Sab from BS and BS@MD in PBS at pH 5.0 and 7.4 over 24 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD. (I) Mechanism of pH-responsive cleavage of BS via breakage of catechol-boronate network.

Article Snippet: Hoechst 33342, DAPI solution, Lyso-Tracker Green, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Calcein-AM/PI Live/Dead cell double staining kit, membrane and cytosol protein extraction kit, BCA kit, and SDS-PAGE gel preparation kit were procured from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Zeta Potential Analyzer, Fluorescence, Microscopy, SDS Page, Membrane, Staining, Labeling, Conjugation Assay, In Vitro