Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: A dual-responsive CO-releasing nanogel ameliorates retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and attenuating cGAS-STING pathway activation

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102974

Figure Lengend Snippet: COPN restores mitochondrial quality control and interrupts the ROS‒cGAS‒inflammation axis in OGD/R-treated R28 cells. a , TEM images showing changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure of R28 cells subjected to various treatments (PBS, PDNs, COPN-L, and COPN-H) after OGD/R. Scale bar: 500 nm b , Quantitative analyses of mitochondrial length and number in R28 cells as indicated in a . c , Representative fluorescence images showing JC-1 staining of the mitochondrial Δψm: aggregates (red) indicate healthy mitochondria, whereas monomers (green) represent depolarized mitochondria. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 50 μm d , Intracellular ATP content assay revealing improved energy production after COPN treatment under OGD/R stress conditions. e , mRNA expression analysis of mitochondrial dynamic regulatory genes (Opa1, Mfn2, Drp1, and Fis1) and mitochondrial DNA transcription levels (mt-ND1 and mt-COX1). f , Quantitative analysis of the JC-1 fluorescence ratio (aggregates/monomers) and mitochondrial ROS levels (MitoSOX staining). g–h , Western blot analysis of proteins involved in mitochondrial autophagy (Pink1, Parkin, and P62) (g) and mitochondrial fusion/fission (Opa1, Mfn2, Mfn1, Drp1, and Fis1) (h) . i , Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of mitochondria (green, MitoTracker) and lysosomes (red, LysoTracker) in R28 cells after different treatments. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar: 50 μm ∗ ∗∗∗P < 0.0001. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: Drp1 (CST, #8570, 1:1000, ∼80 kDa), Fis1 (Proteintech, 10956-1-AP, 1:1000, ∼17 kDa), Mfn1 (Abcam, ab104274, 1:1000, ∼84 kDa), Mfn2 (CST, #9482, 1:1000, ∼86 kDa), Opa1 (CST, #80471, 1:1000, ∼100–120 kDa), Pink1 (CST, #6946, 1:1000, ∼63 kDa), cGAS (CST, #15102, 1:1000, ∼60 kDa), STING (CST, #13647, 1:1000, ∼42–45 kDa), TBK1 (CST, #3013, 1:1000, ∼84 kDa), p-TBK1 (CST, #5483, 1:1000, ∼84 kDa), COX IV (Abcam, ab14744, 1:2000, ∼17 kDa), β-actin (Proteintech, 66009-1-Ig, 1:5000, ∼43 kDa), and GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig, 1:5000, After washing, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse IgG, CST, 1:5000) for 1 h at room temperature.

Techniques: Control, Fluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot, Microscopy