Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative analysis of oxidative stress markers across the four experimental groups: Laminectomy, Contusion, Contusion + PBS, and Contusion + Exosomes. The figure is divided into three sections: (A) The graph displays GSH (glutathione) activity quantified in nmol/mg of protein. The results indicate that both the Contusion and Contusion + PBS groups demonstrate reduced GSH activity compared to the Laminectomy group. In contrast, the Contusion + Exosomes group exhibits a notable restoration of GSH levels, highlighting the beneficial effect of exosome treatment. (B) GSSG Levels: The graph depicts GSSG (oxidized glutathione) levels, also measured in nmol/mg of protein, across the experimental groups. The pattern mirrors that of section A, with elevated GSSG levels in the Contusion and Contusion + PBS groups, and a significant decrease in the Contusion + Exosomes group, reinforcing the exosomes' role in alleviating oxidative stress post-SCI. (C) DCF Absorbance: A significant increase in DCF absorbance is observed in the Contusion and Contusion + PBS groups, indicating heightened oxidative stress. In contrast, the Contusion + Exosomes group demonstrates a notable reduction in absorbance, suggesting that exosome treatment may mitigate SCI-induced oxidative stress (**P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: The upregulation of these miRNAs in the exosome-treated group suggests that hUCB-derived exosomes may facilitate functional recovery by enhancing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory miRNA expressions.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-exosomes) included the following findings: (A) Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a consistent distribution of particle sizes. (B) Flowcytometry confirmed the presence of specific exosome markers, CD9 and CD81. (C) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed that HUCB-exosomes were primarily spherical vesicles. (D) Zeta potential analysis assessed the surface charge of the exosomes, indicating their stability while in suspension.

Article Snippet: The upregulation of these miRNAs in the exosome-treated group suggests that hUCB-derived exosomes may facilitate functional recovery by enhancing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory miRNA expressions.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Electron Microscopy, Imaging, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Suspension

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Recovery of motor function over an eight-week period following SCI, as assessed by the BBB test. The graph displays the BBB scores from day 1 through week 8 for the four experimental groups. Notably, animals in the exosome-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced functional recovery in comparison with those in the contusion group (**** P < 0.0001). (B) Sensory-motor coordination was evaluated using the Narrow Beam Test (NBT) over an eight-week period following SCI. The performance of the four experimental groups is illustrated in the graph. Prior to the SCI induction, all rats navigated the beam without difficulty. However, post-injury, they displayed significant challenges in traversing the beam, exhibiting poor foot placement. By the conclusion of the experiment, the group treated with exosomes demonstrated substantial improvement in performance compared to the contusion group, with a significance level of **** P < 0.0001. (C) Assessment of locomotor activity using the open-field test among the experimental groups. The graph illustrates the distances traveled by the rats throughout the experiment. Rats in the exosome treatment group demonstrated significantly higher locomotor activity, traveling greater distances compared to those in the contusion-only group. In contrast, the contusion group exhibited notably lower levels of locomotor activity(**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: The upregulation of these miRNAs in the exosome-treated group suggests that hUCB-derived exosomes may facilitate functional recovery by enhancing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory miRNA expressions.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Comparison, Activity Assay

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sections of the spinal cord from the four experimental groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E): A, D) Laminectomy only; B, E) Contusion injury; C, F) Contusion + Exosomes. The stained sections were photographed using a microscope equipped with an integrated camera (Upper panel A-F). In the lower panel the assessment of Neural Cell Density, spinal cord and cavity volume (mm³). Representative images used for the statistical quantification shown in panels A–D are provided in . (A) Glial Cell Density: The analysis of glial cell density (cells ×1000/µm³) from the representative images demonstrated that the exosome-treated group exhibited lower glial cell density, reflecting a reduction in gliosis compared to the other groups. (B) Neural Cell Density: The quantification of neural cell density (cells × 1000/µm³) quantified from the representative images, indicated that the exosome-treated group had a higher neural cell density relative to the contusion-only and PBS-treated groups. (C) Cavity volume demonstrated a marked reduction in the exosome-treated group when compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups, with no cavity observed in the laminectomy group. (D) Spinal volume demonstrated a marked increase in the exosome-treated group compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups (* P < 0.5, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001) receptively.

Article Snippet: The upregulation of these miRNAs in the exosome-treated group suggests that hUCB-derived exosomes may facilitate functional recovery by enhancing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory miRNA expressions.

Techniques: Staining, Microscopy

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Real time PCR analysis of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-27b and miR-24 expression across the experimental groups: Laminectomy, Contusion, Contusion + PBS and Contusion + Exosomes. The findings reveal that exosome therapy leads to a notable reduction in miR-19a-3p (A) and miR-19b-3p (B) expression, suggesting that the exosome-treated group exhibits significantly lower levels of miR-19a-3p and miR-19b-3p compared to the Contusion group and notable increase in miR-27b (C) and miR-24 (D) in the exosome-treated group in comparison with contusion group (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: The upregulation of these miRNAs in the exosome-treated group suggests that hUCB-derived exosomes may facilitate functional recovery by enhancing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory miRNA expressions.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: R-28 cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00709

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro testing of R-28 cell-derived EVs on RGC survival and regeneration. Representative images of untreated control wells (A), R-28 cell-derived EVs treated wells (B), and CNTF-treated wells (C) are shown with the graphs showing the total surviving RGC number (D), the number of RGC with neurites (E), and the longest neurite length (F) in primary retinal cell culture after 3 days. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Images were stained with a nuclear (DAPI, blue) and RGC marker (β-III tubulin, green). Scale bars: 50 µm. All experiments were performed in three independent biological replicates. CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EV: extracellular vesicles; RGC: retinal ganglion cells.

Article Snippet: To test the therapeutic effect of R-28-derived EVs on human ESC-derived RGC (H7/H9 immortalized cell line; WiCell, Madison, WI, USA, #WA07, RRID: CVCL_S800) were differentiated from CRISPR-modified ESC generously donated from Prof Donald Zacks laboratory (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA) and licensed for use from WiCell (Material Transfer Agreement issue-164634007).

Techniques: In Vitro, Derivative Assay, Control, Cell Culture, Staining, Marker

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: R-28 cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00709

Figure Lengend Snippet: R-28 cell-derived EVs promote human ESC-derived RGC survival in vitro . Images show untreated controls, R-28 cell-derived EV treated, and CNTF-treated hESC-derived RGCs (green, βIII-tubulin) after injury induced by the microtubule poison, colchicine. Scale bar: 50 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. All experiments were performed in three independent biological replicates. CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor; ESC: embryonic stem cells; EV: extracellular vesicles; RGC: retinal ganglion cells.

Article Snippet: To test the therapeutic effect of R-28-derived EVs on human ESC-derived RGC (H7/H9 immortalized cell line; WiCell, Madison, WI, USA, #WA07, RRID: CVCL_S800) were differentiated from CRISPR-modified ESC generously donated from Prof Donald Zacks laboratory (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA) and licensed for use from WiCell (Material Transfer Agreement issue-164634007).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, In Vitro

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: R-28 cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00709

Figure Lengend Snippet: R-28 cell-derived EVs show protective trend for RGCs in a chronic glaucoma model. (A) Experimental design of the in vivo study. R-28 cell-derived EVs were intravitreally injected weekly beginning 1 week after microbead injection, and animals’ IOPs were measured twice a week. Four weeks after weekly EV injection, animals were sacrificed and histologically analyzed. After injection, microbeads localized (arrow) around the iridocorneal angle (B). IOP (mmHg) of healthy animals (blue) and animals receiving intracameral injection of microbeads with (green) or without (brown) intravitreal EV treatments is shown (C). (D, E) Representative images (D) and quantification (E) of Brn3a + (green) RGCs from the three groups on week 5. Scale bars: 50 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 3–5. EV: Extracellular vesicles; IOP: intraocular pressure; RGC: retinal ganglion cells; PBS: phosphate buffered saline.

Article Snippet: To test the therapeutic effect of R-28-derived EVs on human ESC-derived RGC (H7/H9 immortalized cell line; WiCell, Madison, WI, USA, #WA07, RRID: CVCL_S800) were differentiated from CRISPR-modified ESC generously donated from Prof Donald Zacks laboratory (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA) and licensed for use from WiCell (Material Transfer Agreement issue-164634007).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, In Vivo, Injection, Saline

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: R-28 cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00709

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differentially expressed miRNA shown as abundance and fold change heat map profiles. Heatmaps show the upregulated and downregulated normalized counts of miRNA from injured RGCs treated with R-28 cell-derived EVs compared to injured untreated (A, B), injured RGCs treated with R-28 derived EVs compared to uninjured treated (D, E), and uninjured RGCs treated with R-28 cell-derived EVs compared to injured untreated (G, H), both statistically significant ( P < 0.05; A, D, G) and those trending towards significance ( P < 0.1; B, E, H) with abundance profiles shown in associated bar charts (C, F, I, respectively). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 3. EV: Extracellular vesicles; RGC: retinal ganglion cells.

Article Snippet: To test the therapeutic effect of R-28-derived EVs on human ESC-derived RGC (H7/H9 immortalized cell line; WiCell, Madison, WI, USA, #WA07, RRID: CVCL_S800) were differentiated from CRISPR-modified ESC generously donated from Prof Donald Zacks laboratory (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA) and licensed for use from WiCell (Material Transfer Agreement issue-164634007).

Techniques: Derivative Assay