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Reaction schemes <t>and</t> <t>LC-MS</t> analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.
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Reaction schemes <t>and</t> <t>LC-MS</t> analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.
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Reaction schemes <t>and</t> <t>LC-MS</t> analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.
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Reaction schemes <t>and</t> <t>LC-MS</t> analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.
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Reaction schemes <t>and</t> <t>LC-MS</t> analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.
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Reaction schemes <t>and</t> <t>LC-MS</t> analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.
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Reaction schemes and LC-MS analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.

Journal: Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology

Article Title: Functional characterization of four glycosyltransferases for biosynthesis of steroidal saponins in medicinal plant Paris polyphylla

doi: 10.1016/j.synbio.2026.04.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reaction schemes and LC-MS analysis of Pp UGTs reactions with diosgenin and pennogenin . ( a ) Biosynthesis of trillin mediated by UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of diosgenin. ( b ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and diosgenin showing the formation of trillin, as compared to the authentic trillin standard. Control is the empty expression vector. ( c ) MS spectra of the enzymatic reaction products in hydrogen and sodium ion adducts compared to the fragmentation pattern of the trillin standard. The product molecular ions [M + H] + and [M +Na] + and the feature fragment ion [M + H − Glc] + with m / z 415.32 are marked. Of note, additional peaks observed in the diosgenin EIC ( m / z 415.32) for UGT703R1–3 might correspond to substrate isomeric impurities, in-source adducts, or minor non-enzymatic by-products; these peaks, which arose from the extracted ion flow of the substrate m / z , did not co-elute with the product, trillin , and therefore did not affect the interpretation of the product formation. ( d ) Biosynthesis of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside mediated by the UGT703R1–3 through transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to the C-3 OH position of pennogenin. ( e ) EICs of the in vitro enzyme activity assays of recombinant UGT91BP2 and UGT703R1–3 with UDP-glucose and pennogenin showing the formation of pennogenin 3- O -glucoside, compared to the control empty expression vector. ( f ) MS/MS spectra ([M + H – Glc] + and [M + H – Glc − H 2 O] + ) of the enzymatic reaction products.

Article Snippet: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was equipped with a YMC-Triart C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), and the column temperature was set to 30 °C.

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Transferring, In Vitro, Activity Assay, Recombinant, Control, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Tandem Mass Spectroscopy