Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Injection site dictates the immune response to a biodegradable polymer and corresponding collagen regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.04.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: LA released from T-gel degradation induces macrophage M2 polarization and promotes fibroblast activation and collagen production. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of the association between T-gel degradation products and macrophage M2 polarization ( n = 3, data represent mean ± s.d.). ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. (B) RNA-seq analysis of M2 macrophage marker expression in tissues one week after ID and SC injection of T-gel. (C–D) Immunofluorescence analysis of CD206 (C) and FAPα (D) expression in tissues ( n = 3, data represent mean ± s.d.). ∗∗P < 0.01. (E) Schematic diagram of the co-culture system showing RAW264.7 macrophages pretreated with T-gel extract medium that were subsequently co-cultured with L929 fibroblasts. (F–G) Collagen expression in L929 cells from the co-culture system assessed by Western blot (F) and ELISA (G). “C” represents RAW264.7 pretreated with blank medium; “T” represents RAW264.7 pretreated with T-gel extract medium. n = 3, data represent mean ± s.d. ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01. (H) ELISA analysis of TGFβ expression in RAW264.7 cells treated with T-gel extract medium ( n = 3, data represent mean ± s.d.). ∗∗P < 0.01. (I) Schematic representation of LA, released during T-gel degradation, programming macrophages toward an M2 phenotype and subsequently promoting fibroblast activation and collagen secretion.

Article Snippet: Following permeabilization, cells were stained with Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-mouse CD206 antibody (Elabscience, E-AB-F1135D) for 30 min at 4 °C in the dark.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Flow Cytometry, RNA Sequencing, Marker, Expressing, Injection, Immunofluorescence, Co-Culture Assay, Cell Culture, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Spatiotemporally engineered microneedle for microenvironment remodeling propels mucosal regeneration after tracheal mucosal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of mucosal status after tracheal mucosal injury in rabbits . (a) Gross morphology and Masson staining of mucosal defects (n = 3). (b – f) Tracheal samples were collected on Day 10, and RNA sequencing was performed to assess biological differences between Native and Model groups (n = 3). (b) Principal components analysis of samples. (c) Volcano plot of DEGs. (d) KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. (e) Chord plot of enriched KEGG terms. (f) Heatmaps of DEGs associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. (g) IF staining of FISH (marker of bacteria, pink), iNOS (marker of M1 macrophages, orange), CD206 (marker of M2 macrophages, green), and immunohistochemical staining of CD31 (marker of endothelial cells) in various samples, blood vessels are denoted by triangles.

Article Snippet: IF staining was performed for iNOS (Abcam, ab283655), CD206 (Proteintech, 18704-1-AP), and CD31 (Abcam, ab28364) to assess inflammatory marker expression, and vascularization, respectively.

Techniques: Staining, RNA Sequencing, Marker, Bacteria, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Spatiotemporally engineered microneedle for microenvironment remodeling propels mucosal regeneration after tracheal mucosal injury

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gel-AgNA/MgGA MN remodel the microenvironment after TMI by regulating infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular disruption. (a) FISH (marker of bacteria, red) staining of harvested samples after treated with Gel, Gel-AgNA, Gel-MgGA, and Gel-AgNA/MgGA MN. (b, c) Quantitative analysis of bacterial coverage and fluorescence intensity of FISH (n = 9). (d) Heatmaps of DEGs related to inflammation and oxidative stress. (e) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of IL-1, TNF-α, HIF-1α, and IL-6 (n = 3). (f) IF staining of iNOS (marker of M1 macrophages, red) and CD206 (marker of M2 macrophages, green). (g) Quantitative analysis of iNOS and CD206 fluorescence intensity. (h) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of Arg1 and CD206. (i) IF staining of CD31 (marker of blood vessels, red). (j, k) RT-PCR analysis showing the relative expression levels of VEGF and HIF-1α (n = 3).

Article Snippet: IF staining was performed for iNOS (Abcam, ab283655), CD206 (Proteintech, 18704-1-AP), and CD31 (Abcam, ab28364) to assess inflammatory marker expression, and vascularization, respectively.

Techniques: Infection, Disruption, Marker, Bacteria, Staining, Fluorescence, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing